All ingredients

Shiitake is low in fat with dietary fibre and B vitamins, and once cooked and sliced it works as an occasional treat that adds texture and aroma.

Adult dogs generally have low lactase activity, so lactose ferments in the gut and causes bloating, loose stools and diarrhoea; whole milk is about 3.3% fat, adding extra calories.

A source of high-quality protein and omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA) with good palatability, useful for short-term protein support (follow veterinary advice on amounts).

Provides fibre and B vitamins and is palatable once cooked, useful for adding a little satiety.

High in protein and low in fat with good palatability, often used short-term when appetite is poor or during recovery from gastrointestinal upset (follow veterinary advice for any diet plan).

Low in calories and a source of fibre and beta-carotene, making it a useful chew treat when managing weight.

Sulfur-containing compounds in Allium plants damage red blood cells and can cause haemolytic anaemia; dogs can be affected too, and some breeds (e.g. Akita, Shiba Inu) are more sensitive.

Rich in pectin fibre and vitamin C, supporting gut health and immunity.

Enoki is low in fat and a source of fibre, and once cooked and cut short it makes an occasional crunchy, mild treat.

Yoghurt still contains lactose, so even small amounts can cause diarrhoea in lactose-intolerant dogs; whole-milk yoghurt is about 3.3% fat and adds calories in larger amounts.

Peanuts are about 49% fat, which can cause stomach upset and may trigger pancreatitis; mouldy peanuts can carry aflatoxins (liver toxic); whole peanuts are a choking hazard for small dogs.

High in protein and low in fat, with selenium and vitamin B12, and well accepted as a small training reward or topper.

Ripe red flesh usually causes only mild stomach upset, but the leaves, vines and unripe green fruit contain tomatine and related alkaloids that in larger amounts can affect the gut, nervous system and heart rhythm.

Onion contains organosulfur compounds such as n-propyl disulfide that oxidise red blood cells and form Heinz bodies, causing haemolytic anaemia; raw, cooked, dehydrated and powdered forms are all risky, and signs may appear days after eating.

Supplies high-quality protein, vitamins A, D and B12 and lutein, and is well accepted as a training reward or short-term protein top-up.

Provides potassium, vitamin B6 and fibre, and its soft texture suits older dogs or those with dental problems.

Plain tofu is soft and holds a lot of water, and its protein comes from soy, so a few small cubes work as an occasional treat or a light topper.

Lean beef is high in protein, fairly low in fat and very palatable, so it works as a training treat or a short-term bland diet during recovery (follow veterinary advice for any diet plan).

Cheese is high in fat (cheddar about 33%) and salt, which can upset the stomach and trigger pancreatitis in sensitive dogs; lactose is lower than in milk but larger amounts still cause diarrhoea.

Tuna is good protein, but oil-packed, brine-packed and salad-style cans are heavy in oil and salt; fish cannot be a long-term main food because it unbalances the diet, and mercury builds up in large fish.

Scallions contain the same organosulfur compounds as onion, and both the white base and the green tops are risky; repeated small amounts can accumulate and cause anaemia, with a higher risk for small pets.

Low in calories with vitamin C, vitamin K and fibre, making it a useful vegetable treat during weight management.

About 92% water and low in calories, which makes it a useful hydrating treat in hot weather.

Nuts are not classic poisons, but their high fat content can cause gastrointestinal signs and may trigger pancreatitis in sensitive dogs; mouldy nuts carry a mycotoxin risk.

Oyster mushrooms are low in fat and supply dietary fibre and B vitamins, and once cooked and sliced they are a mild, occasional treat.

High in protein and low in fat with good palatability, often used short term when appetite is poor or while the gut settles (any diet plan should follow veterinary advice).

An easy-to-digest white fish with very low fat, useful as an occasional light extra; any bland diet during recovery from gut upset should be planned with your vet.

Butter is about 81% fat and a high fat load is one of the most common triggers of pancreatitis in dogs, with a very high calorie density that promotes weight gain.

Cashews are roughly 44% fat, so this heavy fat load often causes vomiting and diarrhoea and can trigger pancreatitis; a whole nut is also a choking risk for small dogs.

Chives contain organosulfur compounds such as n-propyl disulfide that oxidise red blood cells and form Heinz bodies, causing haemolytic anaemia - the same mechanism as onion and garlic.

Low in calories (about 32 kcal per 100 g) with vitamin C and fibre, and well accepted as a training reward.

Contains fibre and beta-carotene, and small amounts of plain pumpkin are sometimes used by vets to add fibre when stools are mildly loose.

Brown rice supplies carbohydrate with a little fibre and B vitamins, and it cooks soft and palatable, so it is often used as the carbohydrate part of a bland diet during gut upset; **plan that diet with your vet rather than mixing it yourself**.

Goat milk contains lactose just like cow's milk, and adult dogs generally have low lactase activity, so the lactose ferments in the gut and causes bloating, loose stools and diarrhoea; **it is not a better choice for a lactose-intolerant dog**.

Edamame is immature soybean, and once cooked through it brings plant protein and fibre at a modest calorie cost, so shelled chopped beans work as an occasional treat.

Duck carries far more fat than chicken breast, and that heavy fat load easily causes vomiting and diarrhoea and can trigger pancreatitis, so it belongs in the occasional, small-serving category only.

Cilantro is almost calorie-free with only traces of vitamins A, C and K, so its only job is adding a little aroma to the bowl.

Most tins are oil-packed or in brine, so sardines are high in salt and fat; regular feeding strains the heart and kidneys and can trigger pancreatitis, and fish cannot be a long-term main food because the diet becomes unbalanced.

About 95% water and only around 15 kcal per 100 g, useful as a low-calorie treat and hydration source during weight management.

Low in calories and a source of anthocyanins and fibre, which makes them handy for training rewards.

Cooked quinoa adds carbohydrate with a little plant protein and fibre, and its soft texture mixes easily into the usual bowl.

Tenderloin is one of the leanest cuts of pork, with good-quality protein and relatively little fat, so it works as an occasional extra or training treat.

Kefir is a fermented milk, so it holds less lactose than milk but **not none**, and a lactose-intolerant dog can still get diarrhoea and gas; **flavoured kefir often adds sugar or sweeteners such as xylitol**, which is highly toxic to dogs.

Cooked and mashed chickpeas add water, fibre and plant protein at a moderate calorie cost, so they work as an occasional treat or a small topper.

Ginger is not highly poisonous, but **large or concentrated amounts irritate the gut**, causing vomiting, pain and loose stools; **ginger candy, tea and drinks are sugary and may contain honey**, so they do not suit dogs.

Raw or undercooked shellfish can carry Vibrio, Salmonella and other pathogens and may concentrate environmental toxins, while canned and ready-seasoned clams are very salty; too much sodium causes thirst, vomiting and even sodium toxicity.

Spinach is high in oxalate, which binds calcium and reduces its availability; dogs with calcium oxalate stones or kidney disease should avoid it entirely, and healthy dogs should only have very small amounts.

Stems, leaves, peels and seeds contain citric acid and essential oils that irritate the gut and, in larger amounts, may depress the nervous system; a small piece of flesh usually causes only mild upset.

Cooked-soft lentils bring plant protein and dietary fibre at a moderate calorie cost, so crushed or pureed plain lentils work as an occasional treat or a small topper.

Black pepper is not highly poisonous, but **piperine irritates the mouth and gut**, causing drooling, vomiting, pain and loose stools; **whole peppercorns can choke**, and **piperine supplements are not food for pets**.

**Cream is about 36% fat**, and that fat load is one of the most common triggers of pancreatitis in dogs, at a very high calorie cost; cream also holds lactose, so lactose-intolerant dogs get diarrhoea and gas, which is why it **is not a suitable treat**.

Tripe is an organ meat: raw tripe may carry Salmonella, E. coli and other pathogens, which is why feeding it raw is debated; frequent organ meat also unbalances the diet, and commercial honeycomb tripe is usually bleached and seasoned.

Raw or undercooked oysters can carry Vibrio, norovirus and other pathogens and concentrate heavy metals from the water, a food-safety risk for pets as for people; grilled oysters with garlic or soy also bring a heavy salt load.

Sunflower seeds are high in fat, so too many cause loose stools or diarrhoea; shells are hard to digest and can choke or irritate the gut, and salted or spiced seeds carry a heavy salt load.

About 95% water and only around 15 kcal per 100 g, so it is little more than a crunchy snack for a dog on a diet.

Grape and raisin poisoning is reported mainly in dogs; gastrointestinal signs can be followed by acute kidney injury within hours to days. Tartaric acid is the suspected toxin but the mechanism is not fully confirmed, so no 'safe amount' can be given.

Cooked-soft black beans bring plant protein and dietary fibre at a moderate calorie cost, so crushed or pureed plain beans work as an occasional treat or a small topper.

Cinnamon is not highly poisonous, but **a large amount irritates the mouth and gut**, and its cinnamaldehyde causes burning, vomiting and pain; **dry powder is easily inhaled**; **cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde supplements are far riskier concentrates**.

Raw or undercooked scallops can carry Vibrio, norovirus and other pathogens and concentrate algal biotoxins, a risk for pets as for people, and self-harvested shellfish are even less predictable; garlic butter or noodle cooking adds salt, oil and Allium risks.

Liver is extremely rich in vitamin A, so regular or large servings let it accumulate and cause vitamin A toxicity with joint stiffness and bone changes; liver is also fairly fatty and calorie dense.

Hazelnuts are high in oil, so too many can cause vomiting and diarrhoea and may trigger pancreatitis; a whole nut can choke a small dog, and mouldy nuts may carry mycotoxins.

Bell pepper is rich in vitamin C and vitamin A, and most dogs take a few raw pieces happily once the seeds and stem are out.

About 84% water with dietary fibre and a crisp, sweet texture, making it a handy hydrating treat.

Raw mussels can carry Vibrio and concentrate biotoxins made by algae, such as paralytic shellfish toxins, which poison people and pets alike, so never feed self-harvested shellfish; wine or garlic cooking also adds salt and Allium risks.

**Peppermint oil and mints are the real hazard**, not a leaf or two: menthol is irritating and can be toxic, and mints or gum often hold xylitol, which causes low blood sugar and liver injury. Dogs with reflux, seizures or liver disease should skip mint.

Pistachios are roughly 45% fat, so this heavy fat load often causes vomiting and diarrhoea and can trigger pancreatitis; a whole nut chokes a small dog and the hard shells are even harder to digest.

Chicken hearts must be cooked through, as raw organs can carry pathogens that cause vomiting and diarrhoea; they are also fairly high in fat and cholesterol, so large or frequent servings may trigger pancreatitis, and a whole heart chokes a small dog.

Very low in calories (about 16 kcal per 100 g) with useful fibre and water, which makes it handy during weight management.

Peach flesh is low risk on its own (though sugary), but the pit contains amygdalin, which releases cyanide when chewed; pits and leaves are unsafe for both dogs and cats.

Most fatal mushroom poisonings involve Amanita, Galerina and Lepiota species, and amatoxins can cause irreversible liver failure; identification requires a mycologist, so pets should not be allowed near any unidentified wild mushroom.

Basil is almost calorie-free with only traces of vitamins and minerals, so its only job is to add a fresh aroma that makes the bowl more interesting.

An easy-to-digest white fish protein with very low fat, useful as an occasional light extra; any bland diet during recovery from gut upset should be planned with your vet.

Beef heart is a muscular organ meat that is high in protein but also carries fat and cholesterol, so large or frequent servings oversupply fat and calories and can trigger pancreatitis; raw heart may carry pathogens, and a whole piece can choke a small dog.

Pumpkin seeds are fairly fatty, so too many cause loose stools or diarrhoea; whole seeds in the shell are hard to digest and can choke or irritate the gut, and salted or caramelised versions carry a lot of salt and sugar.

A source of vitamin C, manganese and dietary fibre, with juicy low-fat flesh that works as an occasional fruit treat.

Cooked kernels supply starch, fibre and some B vitamins as a low-fat treat, while whole raw corn is hard to digest.

Parsley is very low in calories and offers only traces of vitamins C and K plus a little mineral content, so its job is adding a fresh herbal aroma.

An easy-to-digest white fish protein with very low fat, useful as an occasional light extra; plan any recovery diet during gut upset with your vet.

Beef kidney is an organ meat rich in vitamin A and purines, so frequent or large servings can accumulate vitamin A to toxic levels; dogs with kidney disease or a urate-related history should get none, and raw kidney may carry pathogens.

Provides vitamin A, vitamin C and fibre, with soft flesh that is easy to feed in small amounts.

Provides beta-carotene, vitamin A precursors and fibre, and its satiety value suits small treats during weight management.

Dogs commonly develop hind-limb weakness, difficulty standing, tremors and raised body temperature within 12 hours of eating macadamia nuts; the toxic mechanism is unknown but nerve and muscle function appear to be affected.

Goose meat carries much more fat than chicken breast, especially under the skin, and that heavy fat load easily causes vomiting and diarrhoea and can trigger pancreatitis, so keep servings rare, small and skinless.

Rosemary is almost calorie-free with only traces of vitamins and minerals, so its job is adding a pine-like aroma that makes the bowl more interesting.

Sesame is about 50% fat, so generous amounts easily cause vomiting and diarrhoea and may trigger pancreatitis; **whole seeds pass through almost undigested**, while ground seed is better used but also turns rancid quickly.

A high-quality protein most dogs accept readily and useful as an occasional extra; mackerel is an oily fish, however, so it carries far more calories than white fish.

A source of vitamin C, dietary fibre and potassium, with soft flesh that is easy to cut into small pieces.

Cooked beans provide fibre, vitamin K and folate with few calories, and are often suggested by vets as a vegetable treat during weight management.

Thyme is almost calorie-free with only traces of vitamins and minerals, so its job is adding a fresh herbal aroma to the bowl.

**Always cook crab through and remove all shell, gills and gut**: shell fragments can injure or block the gut, and raw crab carries bacteria and parasites. Crab meat is also a common allergen, and dressed dishes add alcohol, salt and oil.

Flaxseed contains **cyanogenic glycosides**, so raw seeds or large amounts carry a cyanide-poisoning risk; it is also fairly oily and high in fibre, and too much causes loose stools, bloating and diarrhoea.

Cooked eggplant is very low in calories and fat and supplies some fibre and a little potassium, so it works as an occasional vegetable treat.

Cherry pits, leaves and twigs contain amygdalin, which releases cyanide when chewed; the flesh is sugary but low risk in small amounts.

A mild white-fish protein that is easy to digest and very low in fat, useful as an occasional light extra; plan any recovery diet during gut upset with your vet.

**Turmeric supplements, with concentrated curcumin and often black pepper extract, are not food**: they interact with many drugs and may stress the gut and liver, while **a lot of the powder upsets the stomach too**, so keep it to seasoning amounts.

**Dry chia is risky**: the seeds swell into a gel as they absorb water, so a dry serving, or one taken with little water, can block the oesophagus; chia is also very high in fibre, and too much loosens the stool and bloats the gut.

Very low in calories (about 25 kcal per 100 g) with fibre and vitamin C, so cooked chopped cabbage makes a light fibrous treat.

Plum pits and leaves contain amygdalin, which releases cyanide when chewed; the flesh itself is sugary and large amounts can cause stomach upset.

Flounder is a lean white fish, low in fat and easy to digest, so it works as an occasional light extra; plan any recovery diet during gut upset with your vet.

Pine nuts are roughly 68% fat, so this heavy fat load often causes vomiting and diarrhoea and can trigger pancreatitis; a whole nut is also a choking risk for a small dog.

Very low in calories (about 25 kcal per 100 g) with vitamin C, vitamin K and fibre, so it makes an occasional low-calorie vegetable treat.

About 90% water and roughly 34 kcal per 100 g, with vitamins A and C, useful as a low-calorie hydrating treat in summer.

Cooked buckwheat supplies carbohydrate with a little plant protein and fibre, so it can be mixed in occasionally; **it contains no gluten and is not a wheat**, which still does not make it more nutritious than rice.

**Squid is extremely chewy, so a whole piece can choke or block the oesophagus**, a common foreign-body emergency; it must be cut very small, and raw squid carries parasites and bacteria while cephalopods are a common allergen.

Cooked yam provides fibre and a little potassium, has a soft texture and very little fat, so it works as an occasional vegetable treat.

The rind and white membranes are tannin-rich and tough to digest, which can cause vomiting, diarrhoea or a blockage; the small seeds can choke a little pet, and the flesh is sugary and acidic.

**Octopus is extremely chewy, so a whole piece easily chokes or blocks the oesophagus**, and it must be cut very small; raw octopus carries parasites and bacteria, and cephalopods are a common allergen.

Cooked millet supplies carbohydrate with a little B vitamins and turns soft and palatable, so it can be stirred in occasionally.

Cooked lotus root supplies fibre and a little potassium with very little fat or calories, so small pieces work as an occasional vegetable treat.

Unripe fruit, seeds and stems are rich in tannins, which can clump with stomach contents into a bezoar and block the gut; the sugary flesh can also upset the stomach.

**Raw herring can carry parasites and bacteria, so always cook it through**; **salted, pickled and smoked herring are extremely salty**, and too much salt brings thirst, vomiting and even neurological signs, while this oily fish can trigger pancreatitis.

Cooked okra offers mucilaginous fibre and a little potassium with very few calories, so short pieces make an occasional vegetable treat.

Provides vitamin C, vitamin A from beta-carotene and dietary fibre, with soft juicy flesh that is easy to serve.

**Nearly all anchovies sold are salted, oil-packed or canned and are far too salty for pets**; **raw anchovies carry parasites and bacteria** and must be cooked through, and fish is a common allergen.

Cooked asparagus supplies fibre plus small amounts of folate and potassium, so short pieces make an occasional low-calorie treat.

Fibre with potassium and calcium at fairly low calories, so it works as an occasional fruit treat.

**Hard shell and claw fragments can cut or block the gut** and cause foreign-body emergencies; raw crustaceans carry bacteria and parasites so lobster must be cooked through, and it is a common allergen, while butter or cheese versions add fat and alliums.

Mostly water and very low in calories (about 17 kcal per 100 g) with a little potassium and vitamin C, so it suits a dog on a weight-management plan.

About 52 kcal per 100 g with fibre and anthocyanins, and their small size makes portioning easy.

**Kelp is very high in iodine**, so a small serving can exceed a dog's needs; long-term or large amounts disturb thyroid function, and dogs with thyroid disease should avoid it. **Salted kelp strips, kelp soup and kelp sprout snacks** add a salt load too.

Low in calories (about 49 kcal per 100 g) with vitamin K, vitamin C and fibre, so it works as an occasional vegetable treat.

A source of dietary fibre and antioxidants in small, low-sugar berries that make a handy fruit treat.

**Laver (nori) is also very high in iodine**, so a small amount can exceed a dog's needs, and long-term or large servings disturb thyroid function, especially in dogs already treated for a thyroid condition; **seasoned nori snacks bring salt, sugar and oil**.

Cooked beetroot provides fibre and a little potassium, so diced pieces work as an occasional vegetable treat.

Fresh cranberries offer dietary fibre and vitamin C with almost no fat, so they work as an occasional fruit treat.

Raw sprouts commonly carry bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli that can cause gut infection in dogs; shop-bought sprout dishes are also loaded with salt and oil and often include garlic and chilli.

The flesh is about 15% fat and a high fat load is a common trigger of pancreatitis in dogs; the pit and skin contain persin and may cause gastrointestinal upset.

The bitterness of bitter melon comes from cucurbitacin-type compounds that irritate the gut and cause vomiting and diarrhoea when eaten in larger amounts; ripe or unusually bitter gourds contain more of them.

Small amounts of coconut products are unlikely to cause serious harm, but the oils in flesh and milk can cause stomach upset, loose stools and diarrhoea, and a large fat load can trigger pancreatitis.

Fairly low in calories (about 43 kcal per 100 g) with vitamin C, vitamin K and fibre, so cooked sliced sprouts work as an occasional vegetable treat.

Citric acid in the flesh and limonene in the peel, seeds and essential oil irritate the mouth and gut, and larger amounts may depress the nervous system; a little flesh usually causes only mild upset.

Sweet and crisp with few calories (about 42 kcal per 100 g) plus fibre and vitamin C, so cooked chopped pods make an occasional treat.

Pomelo is a citrus fruit, and the peel, pith, seeds and essential oil carry citric acid and limonene that irritate the mouth and gut and may depress the nervous system in larger amounts; a little flesh usually causes only mild upset.

Very low in calories (about 31 kcal per 100 g) with vitamin C, vitamin K and fibre, so cooked chopped cabbage works as an occasional vegetable treat.

Lemon juice and flesh are strongly acidic and irritate the mouth and gut, while the peel and essential oil carry limonene and other irritants that are harsher still; larger amounts may depress the nervous system.

Watercress is very low in calories and provides vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin A and a little calcium, so it makes a light green vegetable treat now and then.

A kumquat is a citrus fruit: **the peel, seeds and essential oils hold limonene and other irritants**, so a large helping can irritate the mouth and gut; a little peeled flesh should cause no more than mild stomach upset.

Peeled water chestnut is juicy and crisp, providing potassium and dietary fibre at a modest calorie cost, so it works as an occasional vegetable treat.

A little peeled, pitted flesh is usually harmless, but the pit, broken pieces and leaves hold cyanogenic compounds that release cyanide once chewed, and a hard pit can also choke or block the gut; remove it every time and keep the sugary flesh small.

A little apricot flesh is low risk (though sugary), but **the pit and bitter kernels hold amygdalin**, which releases cyanide once chewed, and a hard pit can also choke or block the gut, so remove it every time.

Very low in calories (about 27 kcal per 100 g) with vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K and fibre, so cooked greens make a light vegetable treat.

Winter melon is mostly water with very few calories and only a little potassium and fibre, so cooked cubes work as a light vegetable treat for dogs that need to watch their weight.

A little peeled, pitted loquat flesh is low risk (it is still fairly sugary), but **the seed and leaves hold cyanogenic compounds** that release cyanide when chewed, and the seed can choke or block the gut, so remove them completely.

Chayote is high in water and low in calories, with dietary fibre, vitamin C and a little potassium, so soft cooked pieces make an occasional light vegetable treat.

Lychee is very high in sugar, so larger amounts readily cause gut upset and loose stools and are a poor choice for overweight or diabetic dogs; the skin is hard to digest and the large hard stone can choke a dog or block the gut.

Raw bamboo shoots hold cyanogenic compounds (taxiphyllin) and coarse fibre, so raw or partly cooked shoots can cause vomiting and diarrhoea; **cook them thoroughly and for a long time**, then chop them and offer only a little.

Ripe mulberries are juicy and supply dietary fibre plus a little vitamin C, with less sugar than many fruits, so they work as an occasional fruit treat.

Raw taro holds calcium oxalate needles and irritant proteins that burn and swell the mouth, throat and skin, so raw or half-cooked taro is a food to avoid; **peel it and cook it through until soft** before offering a little.

Passion fruit pulp is strongly acidic and can irritate the mouth and gut, causing drooling, vomiting or loose stools; the rind and seeds are hard to digest and a whole fruit can choke or block the gut, so take only a little pulp with the seeds removed.

Low in calories and fairly fibrous, with vitamin C, vitamin K and beta-carotene, so cooked chopped leaves work as an occasional vegetable treat.

Peeled guava flesh is juicy and brings vitamin C and dietary fibre with moderate sugar, so it works as an occasional fruit treat.

Raw alfalfa sprouts, like all raw sprouts, are a high-risk food for Salmonella, E. coli and other pathogens, because the warm damp sprouting process suits bacterial growth, a risk for people too; a small thoroughly cooked portion is a different matter.

Dates are extremely sugary, so even a little can cause vomiting or diarrhoea, and repeated helpings are linked to obesity and pancreatitis; **the hard stone can choke or obstruct the gut, so always pit it**. Diabetic and overweight dogs should avoid dates.

Burdock root supplies dietary fibre of the inulin type plus a little potassium at a low calorie cost, so peeled, cooked and shredded pieces work as an occasional light vegetable treat.

Prunes concentrate sugar and fibre, so a little can loosen the stool or cause diarrhoea, and repeated large helpings risk obesity and pancreatitis; the stone, like other plum stones, holds cyanogenic compounds and can choke or block the gut, so pit it.

Chicory greens are very low in calories and carry dietary fibre of the inulin type along with folate and vitamin K, so they make a light vegetable treat.

Starfruit holds oxalate and a neurotoxin (caramboxin) that healthy animals clear via the kidneys; **pets with kidney disease must never eat it**, as it builds up and causes hiccup-like movements, vomiting and seizures. Healthy dogs get a tiny peeled piece.

Jujubes are very high in sugar, so even a small amount can cause vomiting or diarrhoea, and repeat helpings add obesity and pancreatitis risk; **the stone is hard and pointed and must always be removed**, since swallowing it can choke or block the gut.

Very low in calories (about 17 kcal per 100 g) with fibre, folate and vitamin K, so it makes a light vegetable treat.

Very low in calories (about 22 kcal per 100 g) with vitamin C, vitamin K and fibre, so cooked raab makes a light vegetable treat.

Solanine concentrates in sprouts, eyes, green skin and foliage; these glycoalkaloids cause gastrointestinal and neurological signs, and levels rise sharply in green or sprouting potatoes.

Rhubarb greens and leaves contain high levels of soluble oxalate, which binds calcium and lowers blood calcium, and can form calcium oxalate crystals that injure the kidneys.