Kale

Cats need no vegetables, so one small piece of cooked chopped kale is at most a novel treat with a little fibre.

One small chopped piece per serving without reducing main-diet intake.

Trim the coarse stalks, steam or boil until soft, then cut into very small pieces with no seasoning.

Glucosinolates may affect the thyroid when fed in large amounts over time, so cats with thyroid disease should avoid kale; raw kale is tough to chew, so cook and chop it first.

Low in calories (about 49 kcal per 100 g) with vitamin K, vitamin C and fibre, so it works as an occasional vegetable treat.

1-2 small pieces per serving (a chopped teaspoon for a small dog), within about 10% of daily energy intake.

Rinse, trim the coarse stalks, then steam or boil until soft and cut into small pieces; add no salt, oil, garlic or dressing.

Cruciferous vegetables contain glucosinolates: small amounts are fine, but large amounts over a long period may affect thyroid function, so pets with thyroid disease should avoid kale. Chips and dressed versions are unsuitable.